1. History

The increasing friction between Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmat Syah (Raja Kecil) and Sultan Sulaeman had a significant influence on the unity of Malay Kingdom. Sultan Sulaeman had successfully driven out Abdul Jalil with lucrative support from Bugeneese forces. Abdul Jalil who eventually initiated the establishment of Siak Kingdom suffered from resounding defeat of the escalated war. As the result, before reaching Siak River in Buantan, he moved to several places; Johor, Bintan, Bengkalis. Buantan was situated in a dowtown, 10 km of the present Siak Indrapura, Indonesia. Feeling secure, protected and familiar with local inhabitants inspired him to reside in that settlement. Soon after, he was appointed to be Siak Sultan (King) holding similar title he had in Malay Kingdom. Regarding the establishment, several differences in deciding the time of Siak establishment emerge among the historiciants. Some said in 1723 C.E while others in 1725 C.E.        

As the endeavor to regain the Malay kingship, Abdul Jalil imposed two important measures; economic consolidation and military development. However, these measures achieved no considerable improvement as Abdul Jalil repeatedly failed in winning several battles against Sulaiman forces. In 1744, the Siak kingship was inherited to Sultan Mohamad Abdul Jalil Jalaludin Syah who moved the center of Kingdom to Mempura.

Since the period of Abdul Jalil, Siak had increased the mutually trade relationship with both foreign nations such as Turk, Arab, Egypt and neighboring nations such as Minangkabau. To defend their authority and sovereignty, Siak had been involved in several wars against the Dutch colonialism. Mostly, Siak underwent bitter loss from the Dutch colonialism. However, in Gantung war, the most recognized war, Siak forces were able to overthrow the enemy forces. Albeit the Siak eventually fell under the Dutch rule, it was not the result of military battles. But instead, it was caused by devide it impera (deception strategy)

The center of Siak Kingdom had been moved several times. Its center was in Buantan, Mempura, Senapelan, Mempura and lastly in city of Tinggi which was known as Siak Sri Indrapura

2. Genealogy

Below are the Kings who had ever ruled the Siak

1. Sultan Abdul Jalil Rakhmad Syah Almarhum Buantan (1723 – 1744 C.E)
2. Sultan Mohamad Abdul Jalil Jalaladdin Syah (1744-1760 C.E)
3. Sultan Ismail Abdul Jalil Jalaluddin Syah (1760 – 1761 C.E)
4. Sultan Abdul Jalil Alamuddin Syah (1761-1766 C.E)
5. Sultan Mohamad Ali Abdul Jalil Mu‘azam Syah (1766 - 1779 C.E)
6. Sultan Ismail Abdul Jalil Rakhmat Syah (1779 - 1781 C.E)
7. Sultan Yahya Abdul Jalil Muzafar Syah (1782 - 1784 C.E)
8. Sultan Assyaidis Syarif Ali Abdul Jalil Syaifuddin (1784 - 1811 C.E)
9. Sultan Assyaidis Syarif Ibrahim Abdul Jalil Kholiluddin (1811-1827 C.E)
10. Sultan Assyaidis Syarif Ismail Abdul Jalil Syaifuddin (1827 - 1864 C.E)
11. Sultan Assyaidis Syarif Kasim I Abdul Jalil Syaifuddin (1864 - 1889 C.E)
12. Sultan Assyaidis Syarif Hasyim Abdul Jalil Syaifuddin (1889 - 1908 C.E)
13. Sultan Assyaidis Syarif Kasim II Abdul Jalil Syaifuddin (1908 - 1946 C.E).

3. Kingdom Period

Before the end of the Kingdom period which was marked by the declaration of the last King Sultan Syarif Qosim II, Siak had existed for two centuries from1723 to 1946 C.E. When Indonesia gained its independency from foreign domination, Siak King expressed the willingness to join the Republic of Indonesia which was inscribed in the declaration. Henceforth, Siak Kingdom became a united part of Indonesia.

4. Kingdom Territory

The Siak territory was very vast which encompassed present Siak, Pekanbaru, Rokan, Kubu, Tanah Putih, Bangka, Kulo, Pinang city, Pagarawan, Batu Bara, Bedagai, Kualuh, Panai, Bilah, Asahan, Serdang, Langat, Temiang, and Deli.

Tapung which consisted of two federations; Tapung Kiri and Tapung Kanan, conducted peaceful agreement with Siak.     

In addition, Siak had ever conducted military expansions to other areas. Some of them were successful while others were not. Expansion to Kedah and Pahang ended in failure meanwhile to Sambas, West Kalimantan brought the victory.

5. Kingdom Structure

Sultas who was accompanied by Kingdom board was the highest position in Kingdom structure. The board consisted of several kingdom officials whose responsible were to run the government function and to advise the Sultan in taking pivotal decisions. Those noblemen were:

1. Datuk Lima Puluh tittled Sri Bejuangsa
2. Datuk Tanah Datar tittled Sri Pekerma Raja
3. Datuk Pesisir tittled Maharaja Ketuangsa
4. Datuk Laksamana Raja Di Laut

Besides those kingdom officials, some authoritative people were commissioned to serve the Sultan:

• Panglima Perang (Commandant)
• Datuk Hamba Raja
• Datuk Bintara Kiri
• Datuk Bintara Kanan
• Datuk Bendahara 

Penghulu, Orang Kaya, and Batin who considered as tribe/clan leaders were responsible for exercising the authority at the regional level. Those three position were equal

Penghulu were not entitled to a hutan tanah (land). In performing his mandatory duty, he was accompanied by:

1. Sangko Penghulu (vice penghulu)
2. Malim Penghulu (adviser in religious affairs)
3. Lelo Penghulu (adviser in adat affairs and served as Hulu Balang)

Orang Kaya and Batin, both headed the indigenous clan. This position was a hereditary post. Those people who have right to take advantage from hutan tanah were assisted by:

1. Tongkat (Assitance in sultan obligations-related affairs).
2. Monti (Assistance in adat affairs)
3. Anatan-antan (Assitance who could represent Tongkat or Monti in urgent situation)

During Raja Kecil Period, there were some perbatinan (settlements) over the Siak River:

1. Perbatinan Gasib
2. Perbatinan Senapelan
3. Perbatinan Sejaleh
4. Perbatinan Perawang

Perbatinan in the south of Kuala Siak River were

1. Perbatian Sakai
2. Perbatinan Petalangan

Perbatinan in pulau-pulau (islands) are

1. Perbatinan TebingTinggi
2. Perbatinan Senggoro
3. Perbatinan Merbau
4. Perbatinan Rangsang

The original regions which headed by Penghulu were

• Siak Kecil
• SiakBesar
• Betung
• Rempah

Those are the structures of Siak Kingdom formed in the era of Sultan

6. Socio-Cultural Life

In the process of data collecting

Sources

Departemen Dalam Negeri. 1992 Profil Propinsi Republik Indonesia: Riau. Jakarta: Yayasan Bakti Wawasan Nusantara

Netscher, E. 2002 Belanda di Johor dan Siak: 1602-1865. Pemda Tk II Siak and Yayasan Arkeologi dan Sejarah “Bina Pustaka”

Tim Universitas Riau. 2004 Sejarah Riau. Yogyakarta: AdiCita Karya Nusa.

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Comment of "siak kingdom"

07 Dec 2010. almansor abu said Salam, saya rasa ada kesilapan tentang siapa yang dibunuh oleh laksamana Megat Seri Rama. Sultan yang dibunuh adalah Sultan Mahmud Syah II pada tahun 1699. iaitu Sultan Johor dari keturunan Sultan Melaka yang terakhir.

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