1. The History

Maziah Terengganu Palace

Terengganu Sultanate is believed to be established in the 18^th Century. At that time, Terengganu was under the rule of Johor Kingdom with the ruler Paduka Megat Seri Rama assisted by a war commander and a treasurer. Then, Tun Zain Indera appeared to succeed them with assistance from his three sons Tun Ismail, Tun Yuan, and Tun Sulaiman. Tun Ismail was appointed to be the regent of Layang Beach (Balik Bukit, Kuala Terengganu), Tun Yuang as the treasurer, and Tun Sulaiman as the Menteri Tersat.

In the further progress, Tun Zainal Abidin bin Bendahara Tun habib Abdul Majid, a treasurer of Padang Saujana, declared the establishment of Terengganu Sultanate as a Malay-based sultanate separated from Johor Kingdom. Many historians argue that Tun Zainal Abidin was installed as the first Sultan of Terengganu in 1708 A.D. This assessment is based on the archaeological finding at Terengganu’s golden coin carved out the name Sultan Zainal Abidin I dated 1120 H (1708 A.D.).

However, the inauguration of Tun Zainal Abidin as the first Sultan of Terengganu is still debatable since there are two historical records unveiling different backgrounds of the inauguration. In Tuhfat an-Nafis written by Raja Ali Haji, Daeng Menampuk (Raja Tua) received an order from Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Syah of Johor Kingdom to appoint Tun Zainal Abidin as the ruler of Terengganu. Differ from Tuhfat an-Nafis, Hikayat Johor and Hikayat Pahang argue that the installation of Tun Zainal Abidin into the ruler of Terengganu was upon bestowal from Phra Nang Chau Yang of Pattani Kingdom. It is said that Tun Zainal Abidin, in 1688 A.D., visited Pattani Kingdom for asking approval from the king of Pattani. He was at an intention to kill Paduka Raja Wan Abdul Rahman, Johor’s war commander. In addition, King Phra Nang Chau Yang took so much care of Tun Zainal Abidin as if he was his son, during his visit in Pattani.

In 1733 A.D., Sultan Zainal Abidin, or widely known as Bendahara Padang Saujana, passed away. He was buried on Keledang Hill, in the district of Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. Appear to be his successor was Sultan Mansur I (1733 – 1793 A.D.).

At the age of seven, Sultan Mansur I was inducted into the second Sultan of Terengganu in 1733 A.D.; thus he was famous as Raja Kecik (Small King). Three years later, precisely in 1739 A.D., he married Raja Bulang, a daughter of Daeng Celak (Yamtuan Muda Johor II). Then, he also proposed for marriage to Raja Bakul, a daughter of Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah.

During 1746 – 1760 A.D. Sultan Mansur I spent most of his time in Riau. He was in charge of discussing political link between Malay and Bugis. Soon after finishing his job in Riau in 1760 A.D., he addressed back to Terengganu for holding out the hand of Long Yunus, son of Long Sulaiman Ibni Long Bahar (Yang Dipertuan Kelantan), in term of taking back the powers over the sultanate of Kelantan. Therefore, in 1776 A.D. Long Yunus was appointed to be the Sultan of Kelantan. In addition, under the tenure of Sultan Mansur I, Terengganu Sultanate had successfully established relations with Syarikat Hindia Timur of Great Britain, Pattani Kingdom of Thailand, Siam Kingdom, and Netherlands. His title Marhum Jenggot was embedded upon him following his death in 1793 A.D. Appear to be the next lord of Terengganu Sultanate was Sultan Zainal Abidin II (1793-1808 A.D.).

During the ruling period of Sultan Zainal Abidin II, once there was a dispute between Terengganu with Kelantan. It involved Tengku Muhammad, Sultan Zainal Abidin II’s elder brother, and three sons of Long Yunus; Long Muhammad, Long Zainal, and Long Tan. To be note, Tengku Muhammad was the son-in-law of Long Yunus.

The conflict was stimulated by the coronation of Tengku Muhammad into the Yang Dipertuan Besar of Kelantan in 1795 A.D. The inauguration then lured disappointment at the side of Long Yunus’s direct descendants. From such a disappointment then a war contesting Tengku Muhammad and Long Yunus’s sons broke up.

At the war, Sultan Zainal Abidin II of Terengganu assisted Tengku Muhammad’s effort to defend his powers over Kelantan. Unfortunately, efforts to defend the throne over the sultanate of Kelantan ended in failure. Consequently, Long Muhammad became the ruler of Kelantan Sultanate. He was given title Sultan Muhammad. Starting from the ruling period of Long Muhammad, Kelantan suffered from advanced progress, even conquered Terengganu, which was more powerful in the past.

In 1808 A.D., following the death of Sultan Zainal Abidin II, a title Marhum Mata Merah was bestowed upon him. Tengku Hamad, the son of Sultan Muhammad of Kelantan, emerged to be the next ruler of Terengganu. He ruled Terengganu from 1808 A.D. to 1830 A.D. with a title Sultan Ahmad Shah.

Ever since, Terengganu started to established harmonious relations with Lingga Sultanate that was signed by the visit of Sultan Abdul Rahman of Lingga to Terengganu in term of marrying off his son Tengku Besar Muhammad to Tengku Teh (Tengku Kalthum), the sister of Sultan Ahmad Shah, in 1821 A.D. In November 1822 A.D., both Tengku Besar Muhammad and Tengku Teh departed from Terengganu for Lingga after two years they settled down in Terengganu. On July 1830 A.D., Sultan Ahmad Shah passed away, and the title Marum Parit was bestowed upon him. The title was embedded upon him to commemorate his merit in digging a parit (warfare trench) surrounding the palace area.

Though Sultan Ahmad Shah fathered over two sons Tengku Daud and Tengku Omar, most of Terengganu royal staffers preferred Tengku Abdul Rahman to be the next sultan of Terengganu. Six months after being elected to be the sultan of Terengganu in 1830 A.D., Sultan Ahmad Shah passed away for unknown reason. In addition, he was given a title Marhum Surau. Then, Terengganu royal staffers started to discuss his successor. The decision went to Tengku Daud bin Sultan Ahmad Shah who was titled Sultan Daud.

Much the same as the previous sultan, worse, Sultan Daud’s tenure over the sultanate was only a month as he passed away in February 1831 A.D. (Sha’ban 16^th, 1246 H). For that, a title Marhum Kampung Daik was bestowed upon him. The death of Sultan Daud then left a problem, in which two sides of the sultanate family were disputing each others. The conflict was around the election of the next ruler of Terengganu Sultanate. It involved Tengku Mansur bin Sultan Zainal Abidin II and Tengku Omar bin Sultan Ahmad. After a prolonged deliberation, most of the royal officers inaugurated Tengku Mansur bin Sultan Zainal Abidin II as the Yang Dipertuan Tua; while Tengku Omar bin Sultan bin Sultan Ahmad as the Yang Dipertuan Besar. The dispute didn’t stop here.

The stories went on as Tengku Mansur appointed Che Ku Omar and Che Ku Ahmad to be the ministers of Terengganu without any approval from the royal officers. Knowing such a fact, Tengku Omar designated his father-in-law Tengku Ismail to be the minister of Terengganu as well. From this point then Terengganu Sultanate fragmented into two axis; Terengganu Sultanate under the rule of Tengku Omar, which was centered on Bukit Puteri, and Terengganu Sultanate of Tengku Mansur centered Balik Bukit.

The conflict peaked up in a war, in which Tengku Mansur came to appear as the winner over Tengku Omar. Consequently, Tengku Mansur was inaugurated into the seventh Sultan of Terengganu in 1831 A.D. For such then he was titled Sultan Mansur II.

Out of Sultan Mansur II’s ken, Tengku Omar hosted a meeting with Sultan Muhammad of Lingga. He was seeking for assistance from Lingga Sultanate for mediating the conflict between him and Sultan Mansur II. However, the proposed programme was rejected by Sultan Mansur II. Thus, he decided to follow the entourage of Sultan Muhammad to go back to Lingga.

In 1836 A.D., Sultan Mansur II passed away. He was honoured a title Marhum Mansur. His son Tengku Muhammad succeeded the throne over the sultanate of Terengganu. Tengku Muhammad was inaugurated into the eighth Sultan of Terengganu at the age of 15. Considering his age that was too young, some royal officers appointed Sultan Abdul Rahman to be the Raja Muda Terengganu, who was responsible for giving assistance to Sultan Muhammad.

At this time, Tengku Omar got back to Terengganu after several years of settling in Lingga. His return was aimed at taking over the throne over Terengganu Sultanate from Sultan Muhammad. Along with his entourage, he left Lingga for Terengganu via Kemaman. Soon after entering Kuala Terengganu, his entourage started attacking Terengganu Sultanate. By the end of the attack, he could be the winner over the royal troops of Terengganu Sultanate, thus Sultan Muhammad and other royal officers were expelled out to Seberang, Takir, Dungun, and Besut. More than that, his attack went beyond Besut, therefore Che Ku Omar, a Terengganu’s minister, could be murdered. Lastly, Sultan Muhammad and others ran to Kelantan. It meant that the throne over Terengganu passed down to Tengku Omar. Starting from this, Tengku Omar automatically became the ninth Sultan of Terengganu with title Baginda Omar or widely known as Sultan Omar (1839 – 1876 A.D.). During his ruling period, the sultanate of Terengganu reached its heyday in many sectors of life.

In 1876 A.D., Sultan Omar passed away; then he was given title Marhum Baginda. His successor was Sultan Ahmad Shah II whose surname was Tengku Ahmad Ibni Raja Muda Mahmud. Soon after he passed away in 1881 A.D., Sultan Ahmad, who was bestowed a title Marhum Baharu, was replaced by his son Sultan Zainal Abidin III (1881-1918 A.D.).

Sultan Zainal Abidin III

In 1911 A.D., Terengganu Sultanate, upon the order from Sultan Zainal Abidin III, issued a regulation that is widely known as Al-Itqan Al-Muluk bi Ta’dil Al-Suluk. The regulation states that the authoritative powers of Yang Dipertuan Besar Sultan of Terengganu encompassed the reign over the sultanate and the occupied regions surrounding Terengganu.

Sultan Zainal Abidin III passed away in 1918 A.D. with a title Marhum Masjid. Come to appear as the next ruler of Terengganu was Tengku Muhammad who was given title Sultan Muhammad Shah (1918-1920 A.D.).

During the ruling period of Sultan Muhammad Shah, the British colonials’ political influence towards the sultanate was growing stronger. As a follow-up of the treaty signing between Terengganu and the British colonials in 1919 A.D., the British colonials was capable of chairing one of its envoys in the sultanate. J. L. Humphreys was appointed by the British colonials to be the royal advisor of Terengganu. His responsibility ranged many things, except at the adat and religious affairs. In the further progress, Sultan Muhammad was forced willy-nilly to relinquish his throne as a result of a dispute between him and the British in 1920 A.D.

Tengku Muda Sulaiman, another son of Sultan Zainal Abidin III who was Sultan Muhammad Shah’s brother as well, refused to accept the position as the Sultan of Terengganu. However, after times of being forced by the royal officers, he received the position for the Sultan of Terengganu with a title Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Shah (1920-1942 A.D.).

Under his leadership, many changes, especially on public policy, were made upon suggestion from the sultanate advisor J. L. Humphreys. One of them was the establishment of a policy ruling the land ownership and excise tax. Consequently, a number of people settling in the hinterland of Terengganu disappointed to the policy. Under the command of Haji Abdul Rahman bin Abdul Hamid (known as Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong), Haji Musa Abdul Ghani (Haji muda Minangkabau), and Sayyid Sagap bin Sayyid Abdul Rahman al-Idrus, the hinterland Terengganu people protested the policy in 1922 A.D., 1925 A.D., and 1928 A.D. Unfortunately, all efforts ended in great failure. Worse, Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong was arrested and alienated in Mecca; while the other two were freed off.

Likewise, the Japanese colonials interfered in Terengganu Sultanate, worsening the political stability in Terengganu after the British colonials’ occupancy. The Japanese colonials began to occupy the Malay Archipelago, including Indonesia and Terengganu. (However, the sured time when the Japanese entered Terengganu for the first time is not been discovered yet). Since then, the Japanese’s influence over Terengganu was growing stronger. On September 26^th, 1942 A.D., Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Shah passed away. Referring to “Warta Chahaya Timor edition 38,” which was dated on September 26^th, 1942 A.D., Tengku Ali, the son of Sultan Badrul Alam Shah, was appointed to be the Sultan of Terengganu. He was given title Sultan Ali (1942-1949 A.D.).

In 1943 A.D., following the war between the Japanese and the British colonials, Terengganu Sultanate was handed over to the kingdom of Thai. The British colonials could successfully defeat the Japanese; hence the authority over Terengganu Sultanate was taken back by the British colonials. Then, Dato’ Jaya Perkasa Che Da Omar bin Mahmud organized a meeting Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan in September 1945 A.D. The meeting result suggested that Sultan Ali had to renounce the throne over the sultanate. Likewise, the meeting designated Tengku Paduka Ismail Ini Sultan Zainal Abidin III to be the sultan of Terengganu with a title Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah (1949-1979 A.D.).

Sultan Ismail was once elected as Duli Yang Maha Mulia Yang Dipertuan Agong Malaysia VI starting from September 21^st, 1965 A.D. to September 20^th, 1979 A.D. as he passed away on September 20^th, 1979 A.D. His son Yang Dipertuan Muda Mahmud was inaugurated as the sultan of Terengganu with a title Sultan Mahmud al-Muktafi Billah Shah. He passed away on May 15^th, 1998 A.D. in Singapore.

Yang Dipertuan Tengku Mizan, the son of Sultan Mahmud, was appointed to be the sultan of Terengganu with a title Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin. In these days, he is the ruler of Terengganu Sultanate, shouldering the responsibility for continuing the history of Terengganu Sultanate in the modern age.

Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin

Here is the genealogy of the sultans of Terengganu Sultanate:

1. Sultan Zainal Abidin I (1708-1733 A.D.)
2. Sultan Mansur I (1733-1793 A.D.)
3. Sultan Zainal Abidin II (1793-1808 A.D.)
4. Sultan Ahmad Shah (1808-1830 A.D.)
5. Sultan Abdul Rahman (1830-1831 A.D.-persisted only in six months)
6. Sultan Daud (1831 A.D.-persisted only in one month)
7. Sultan Mansur II (1831-1836 A.D.)
8. Sultan Muhammad (1836-1839 A.D.)
9. Sultan Omar (1839-1876 A.D.)
10. Sultan Ahmad Shah II (1876-1881 A.D.)
11. Sultan Zainal Abidin III (1881-1918 A.D.)
12. Sultan Muhammad Shah (1918-1920 A.D.)
13. Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah (1920-1942 A.D.)
14. Sultan Ali (1942-1949 A.D.)
15. Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah (1949-1979 A.D.)
16. Sultan Mahmud al-Muktafi Billah Shah (1979-1998 A.D.)
17. Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin (1998 A.D.- present)

3. The Ruling Period

Established for the first time in 1708 A.D., Terengganu Sultanate has been persisting, and colouring the history of Malay-based kingdoms found in the Malay Archipelago for three centuries. Under the reign of Sultan Mansur I, Siam Kingdom of Thailand planned to carry out an attack on Terengganu as being accused of not willing to cooperate. Knowing that news then Sultan Munir I sought for diplomatic link with Syarikat Hindia Timur on Pinang Island. It aimed to balance the military power of Terengganu to Siam Kingdom.

Not only was Terengganu attacked by Siam Kingdom, but the British colonials had also carried out an attack on Terengganu, precisely during the reigning period of Sultan Omar (1839-1876 A.D.). The British’s attack began with the British’s pursuit of ex-Sultan of Lingga Sultan Muhammad. Sultan Omar was accused of sheltering Sultan Muhammad of Lingga, hence the British conducted an attack against the sultanate of Terengganu in 1862 A.D. No matter how the dire situation after the British’s attack, the tenure of Sultan Omar was noted as Terengganu’s heyday ever.

At the reign of Sultan Muhammad Shah (1918-1920 A.D.), some dispute between the Sultanate and the British colonials occurred several times. It once Sultan Muhammad Shah disagreed strongly with a policy on the Sultan’s payment issued by the British. If the previous sultan, Sultan Zainal Abidin III, got paid $6,000; thus by the issuance of the policy, Sultan Muhammad Shah received only $3,500. From such a disagreement, the strife broadened to other sectors; one of them was on the sultanate’s internal affairs.

It was Governor Sir Arthur Young, who pioneered of taking part in the sultanate’s internal affairs. He suggested that the hearing in the sultanate’s law court should only be attended by a British advisor and a Malay judge. More than that, he also compelled the sultanate to establish a criminal law code based on the criminal law code applied in Johor and Kedah. For the prolonged disagreement with the British colonials, Sultan Muhammad Shah voluntarily released his position as Yang Dipertuan Sultan Terengganu (the Sultan of Terengganu).

The dispute with the British colonials passed down to the reign of Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah (1920-1942 A.D.). In 1931 A.D., a British advisor G. L. Ham found disagreement with Dato’ Seri Andika Diraja, the Port Officer of Terengganu. In a short, the conflict peaked up to the replacement of G. L. Ham by C. C. Brown dated on November 3^rd, 1932 A.D.

Whilst the British were still occupying the entire Malaysia, including Terengganu, the Japanese colonials arrived at Terengganu too. Ever since, Terengganu was under the full control of the Japanese. No longer then, a war between the British and the Japanese colonials broke out in Terengganu. Appeared to the winner in this war was the British.

4. The Territory

Terengganu Sultanate, or widely known as Negeri Terengganu Darul Iman, lies on the eastern coast of the Malayan Peninsula. The Sultanate is situated at 102.25 and 103.50 of longitudes, and 4 to 5.50 of latitudes. The entire width of Terengganu is approximately 1.295.638 square hectare.

Before 1947 A.D., Terengganu encompassed nine regencies; Kuala Terengganu, Kemaman, Kemasik, Paka, Dungun, Marang, Hulu Terengganu, Besut, and Setiu. After that, Terengganu only covered six regencies; Kuala Terengganu, Kemaman, Dungun, Marang, Hulu Terengganu, and Besut.

On January 1^st, 1985 A.D., a new regency, Setiu, was established; hence Terengganu now consists of seven regencies. Those seven regencies are:

1. Kuala Terengganu. It covers a 60,654.3-square-hectare land
2. Kemaman (253,559.9-square-hectare land)
3. Dungun (273,503.1-square-hectare land)
4. Marang (66,654.3-square-hectare land)
5. Hulu Terengganu (387,463.6-square-hectare land)
6. Besut (123,367.8-square-hectare land), and
7. Setiu (130,436.3-square-hectare land).

5. The Governmental Structure

The highest authority is on the hand of the Sultan of Terengganu (Duli Yang Maha Mulia Yang Dipertuan Besar Sultan Terengganu). But, all the sultanate’s policies are established based on the sultanate regulation as mentioned on al-Itqan al-Muluk bi Ta’dil al-Suluk. It is a regulation, or properly said as “guidance,” for the Sultan of Terengganu, its ministers, and the highly sultanate officers. It rules about the way of those people must be behaving, and managing the sultanate administration.

Referring to the guidance, the Sultan of Terengganu is not merely the ruler of Terengganu, but also the owner of the Sultanate itself. The Sultan is chosen if one meets several criteria as said on the guidance. It is said, “Maka hendaklah sultan yang memerintah Kesultanan Terengganu adalah beragama Islam, bangsa Melayu, berasal dari keturunan sultan-sultan yang memerintah Kesultanan Terengganu, dan laki-laki, sebagaimana tertera dalam pasal tiga, empat, dan lima.” It means that a sultan must be a Muslim, a direct descendant of the former sultans, and bears the Malay citizenship.

Likewise, it means that the sultans of Terengganu are mostly the descendants of Sultan Zainal Abidin III (1881-1918 A.D.). However, the above requirement was revised in 1950 A.D., precisely coinciding with the reign of Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah (1949-1979 A.D.). The revised version of the regulation states that the Sultan of Terengganu should be the descendant of Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah bin al-Marhum Sultan Zainal Abidin III.

Other requirements to be met by a sultan-candidate are al-‘adalah (just), al-‘ilm (smart), salamah al-a’da (able-bodied), salamah al-hawas (perfect sense). Too, a sultan must be a good decision maker, who cares about his people’s willingness, and bears honoured lineage.

Below are the duties, responsibilities, and authorities of the Sultan of Terengganu:

1. A sultan bears the full authority over the designation and inauguration of the Menteri Besar, the sultanate ministers, and highly sultanate officers. Likewise, a sultan is rights for positioning his officers, including the officers’ authorities, and the amount of salary.
2. All the honoured titles are upon approval from the sultan
3. The highly sultanate officers might only quit from the sultanate upon approval from the sultan
4. The sultan is the only authority over sentencing punishment for those breaking the sultanate regulation as well as the Islamic law
5. The sultan is obliged to hold a deliberation with other highly sultanate officers if a policy relating to either the sultanate or its regulation is badly needed
6. The sultan might establish a policy, without any consideration from other highly sultanate officers, when the advantages from the policy are bigger than its disadvantages
7. The sultan is in authority over the time when a new policy should be carried out
8. The sultan is in charge of deciding the way of establishing networks with other kingdoms and the European world
9. The sultan along with the Mesyuarat Kerajaan are responsible for revising, adding, and elaborating the articles mentioned in the sultanate regulation
10. The Sultan, along with the Mensyuarat Kerajaan, is responsible for creating the symbols and the coat and emblem of the sultanate.

There is a significant position in the sultanate of Terengganu; that is Yang Amat Mulia Yang Dipertuan Muda Terengganu (Crowned Prince). The position is chaired by the first son of the ruling sultan. By the death of sultan, Yang Amat Mulia Yang Dipertuan Muda Terengganu will automatically inherit the throne over the sultanate from the ruling sultan. Just in case the ruling sultan doesn’t have any son; thus the throne goes to the sultan’s brother. The sultan might also appoint another figure as the Yang Dipertuan Muda if found guilty of having bad records on the sultan’s son as well as the sultan’s brother.

The second most significant division in the sultanate of Terengganu is Mesyuarat Kerajaan. This is almost the same as the hearing and meeting of a House of Representative in a democratic country. It is usually held once in two months. The sultan of Terengganu is obliged to attend the meeting and hearing, along with all the sultanate ministers. Likewise, the sultan might propose judicial review towards a new policy created from the meeting and hearing.

The Mesyuarat Kerajaan is headed by a Menteri Besar who is appointed by the sultan. Its members are the representatives of the Terengganu people, whether they are Muslims or non-Muslims and Malay or non-Malay. Generally, there are three types of members of the Mesyuarat Kerajaan; they are:

1. Ministers, who are grouped in Jamaah Menteri. Its members consist of 12 ministers who are Muslims and the native Terengganu people. They are led by a Menteri Besar who is chosen by the sultan of Terengganu.
2. Ketua-ketua, consisting of some ulemas, rich men, and penghulus (village leaders).
3. Pegawai-pegawai, consisting of some ordinary civil servants working in the sultanate.

In daily life, the sultan of Terengganu is assisted by the highly sultanate officers. There are also three divisions in the sultanate serving for assistance to the sultan.

a. Menteri Besar

This is the highest division in the sultanate, who is in charge of commanding the entire ministers. The sultan is the only one who privileges to designate the Menteri Besar. To be a Menteri Besar, one must be a Muslim, from the families of sultanate officers, ever been the member of the Mesyuarat Kerajaan, and a native Terengganu person. His duties encompasses below:

1. Heading up the Mesyuarat Kerajaan
2. Along with the sultan, he takes part in the process of appointing the members of the Jamaah Menteri
3. Organizing a monthly meeting and hearing with all the members of the Jamaah Menteri
4. As well as the Naib Menteri Besar and other ministers, he might relinquish his as long as he keeps serving as a member of the Mesyuarat Kerajaan.

b. Naib Menter Besar

Everyone who chairs this position must be at least ever been a member of the Mensyuarat Kerajaan, and likewise having the sultanate family background. He is directly elected by the members of the Jemaah Menteri upon approval from the sultan of Terengganu.

c. Ministers

The ministers are responsible for giving hands to the sultan at the very practical and operational levels of duty. They must be Muslims and the native Terengganu people. The requirements and duties of the ministers are:

1. They must swear the oaths that they are Muslims and the native Terengganu people, who will obey and be loyal both to the law of constitution of Terengganu and the sultan as well as to the sultanate of Terengganu
2. They have to take the oath in front of two witnesses, who are the sultanate staffs
3. Each of them is not allowed to make a promise as well as to establish cooperation with other states, kingdoms, and sultanate, which is intended to betray the sultanate of Terengganu
4. As the members of the Mesyuarat Kerajaan, they have privileges to express their ideas

d. Ordinary Sultanate Officers

The division is at the lowest level of the sultanate governmental structure. This is the division that is in charge of executing all the programmes and policies of the sultanate.

6. Socio-cultural Life

Referring to the 1912 census, Terengganu was populated by approximately 153,765 people. The amount then gradually increased each year; that were 236,300 people (1951), 278,147 people (1959), 306,942 people (1960), 339,816 people (1963), 405,751 people (1970), 756,300 people (1990), and 1,080,286 people (2006).

Most of the Terengganu people are the Malay race, while the remains are Chinese and Indian. They earn their livings from fishery sector, but the abundant of oil resources in Terengganu has greatly affected the advancement of economic sector there.

 

Happy Susanto (sej/38/01-08)

Translated by Irfan Nugroho (ter/94/01-09)    

Reference:

• Hamid, Rogayah A, and Mariyam Salim, Kesultanan Melayu Terengganu, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2006.
• “Sejarah Terengganu”, available online at ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Terengganu, retrieved on January 2^nd, 2008.
• “Sejarah Ringkas Negeri Terengganu Darul Iman”, available online at www.trglib.gov.my/jaringan/trg/Sejarah_Terengganu.htm, retrieved on January 2^nd, 2008.
• Zakaria, Abdullah, “Kesultanan Terengganu”, cited from Prosiding Seminar Antarbangsa Kesultanan Melayu Nusantara: Sejarah dan Warisan, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, 8-11 May 2005.

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Comment of "terengganu sultanate"

09 Jan 2010. Irfan Ali Rahman Perlu dilestarikan demi sejarah.

28 Jun 2015. tengku abdul matin Salam name saya tengku abdul matin saya nak tahu pasal sejarah kesultanan di terengganu pasal neneda saya dari keturunan terengganu name nenda saya tengku alam bin tengku abdullah name moyang saya tengku abdullah@tengku gairal abidin bin putra dari singapore johor lama melaka pahang terengganu dan riau lingga

28 Jun 2015. tengku abdul matin Ini number saya +6593585711

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